The right to education is recognised as a human right Human rights refer to the "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural by the United Nations The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to[1] and is understood to establish an entitlement to free, compulsory primary education Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. It is preceded by pre-school or nursery education and is followed by secondary education. In North America this stage of education is usually known as elementary education for all children A child is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of "child" generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority. "Child" may also describe a relationship with a parent or authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it, an obligation to develop secondary education Secondary education is the stage of education following primary school. Secondary education is generally the final stage of compulsory education. However, secondary education in some countries includes a period of compulsory and a period of non-compulsory education. The next stage of education is usually college or university. Secondary education accessible to all children, as well as equitable access to higher education Higher education refers to a level of education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, institutes of technology and other collegiate level institutions, such as vocational schools, trade schools and career colleges, that award academic degrees or professional certifications, and a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions the right to education encompasses also the obligation to eliminate discrimination Discrimination toward or against a person of a certain group is the treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit. It can be behavior promoting a certain group , or it can be negative behavior directed against a certain group (e.g. redlining) at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality.[2]

The right to education is enshrined in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris). The Guinness Book of Records describes the UDHR as the "Most Translated Document" in the world. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and and Article 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 16, 1966, and in force from January 3, 1976. It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to individuals, including labour rights and rights to.[3][4] The right to education has also been reaffirmed in the 1960 UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of Convention against Discrimination in Education, 1st Protocol of ECHR The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms , was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe in 1950 to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity and the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women is an international convention adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as an international bill of rights for women, it came into force on 3 September 1981. The United States is the only developed nation that has not ratified the CEDAW. Several.[5]

The right to education may also include the right to freedom of education Freedom of education is a constitutional concept that has been included in several national constitutions, e.g. the European Convention on Human Rights, the Belgian constitution (former article 17, now article 24) and the Dutch constitution (article 23).[citation needed]

Contents

Definition

Education Education in its broadest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual ; and in its technical sense education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to another through institutions. Teachers narrowly refers to formal institutional instructions. Generally, international instruments use the term in this sense and the right to education, as protected by international human rights instruments International human rights instruments can be classified into two categories: declarations, adopted by bodies such as the United Nations General Assembly, which are not legally binding although they may be politically so; and conventions, which are legally binding instruments concluded under international law. It should be noted that international, refers primarily to education in a narrow sense. The 1960 UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of Convention against Discrimination in Education defines education in Article 1(2) as: "all types and levels of education, (including) access to education, the standard and quality of education, and the conditions under which it is given."[6]

In a wider sense education Education in its broadest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual ; and in its technical sense education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to another through institutions. Teachers may describe "all activities by which a human group transmits to its descendants a body of knowledge and skills and a moral code which enable the group to subsist".[7] In this sense education refers to the transmission to a subsequent generation of those skills needed to perform tasks of daily living, and further passing on the social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical values of the particular community. The wider meaning of education has been recognised in Article 1(a) of UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of's 1974 Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.[8] The article states that education implies:

"the entire process of social life by means of which individuals and social groups learn to develop consciously within, and for the benefit of, the national and international communities, the whole of their personal capabilities, attitudes, aptitudes and knowledge."[9]

The European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (French: Cour européenne des droits de l’homme) in Strasbourg is an international judicial body established under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) of 1950 to monitor respect of human rights by states. The European Convention on Human Rights, or formally named Convention for the Protection of has defined education in a narrow sense as "teaching or instructions... in particular to the transmission of knowledge and to intellectual development" and in a wider sense as "the whole process whereby, in any society, adults endeavour to transmit their beliefs, culture and other values to the young."[10]

Fulfilling the right to education

The fulfilment of the right to education can be assessed using the 4 As framework, which asserts that for education to be a meaningful right it must be available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The 4 As framework was developed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, Katarina Tomasevski, but is not necessarily the standard used in every international human rights instrument and hence not a generic guide to how the right to education is treated under national law.[11]

The 4 As framework proposes that governments, as the prime duty-bearer, has to respect, protect and fulfil the right to education by making education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The framework also places duties on other stakeholders in the education process: the child, which as the privileged subject of the right to education has the duty to comply with compulsory education Compulsory education is education which children are required by law to receive and governments are required by law to provide. The compulsion is an aspect of public education. In some places homeschooling may be a legal alternative to attending school. Compulsory education was pushed in the United States during the Progressive Era, the early 20th requirements, the parents as the ‘first educators’, and professional educators, namely teachers In education, a teacher is a person who educates others. A teacher who educates an individual student may also be described as a personal tutor. The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out by way of occupation or profession at a school or other place of formal education. In many countries, a person wishing to become a teacher at.[12]

The 4 As have been further elaborated as follows:[13]

A number of international NGOs and charities work to realise the right to education using a rights-based approach to development.[citation needed]

Development of the right to education

In Europe, before the Enlightenment Developing more or less simultaneously in Germany, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and Portugal the movement spread through much of Europe, including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia and Scandinavia as well as in America. It could be argued that the signatories of the American Declaration of Independence, the United of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, education was the responsibility of parents and the church Christian Church and church (Greek kyriakon, "thing belonging to the Lord"; also ekklesia , "assembly") are used to denote both a Christian association of people and a place of worship. In the phenomenological sense there are many such associations of people that call themselves Christian churches. In the New Testament the term. With the French The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and and American Revolution The American Revolution refers to the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrew the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then rejected the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America. In this period the colonies first rejected the education was established also as a public function. It was thought that the state, by assuming a more active role in the sphere of education, could help to make education available and accessible to all. Education had thus far been primarily available to the upper social classes and public education was perceived as a means of realising the egalitarian Egalitarianism or Equalism is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social, and civil rights. Generally it applies to being held equal under the law and society at large. In actual practice, one may be considered an egalitarian in most areas listed below, even if not ideals underlining both revolutions.[18]

However, neither the American Declaration of Independence The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration is a formal (1776) nor the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) protected the right to education as the liberal concepts of human rights Human rights refer to the "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural in the nineteenth century envisaged that parents retained the primary duty for providing education to their children. It was the states obligation to ensure that parents complied with this duty, and many states enacted legislation making school attendance compulsory. Furthermore child labour Child labor, or child labour, refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the beginning of universal schooling, laws were enacted to limit the number of hours per day children could be employed, to ensure children would attend school. States also became involved in the legal regulation of curricula In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow and mature in becoming adults and established minimum educational standards.[19]

In On Liberty On Liberty is a philosophical work by 19th century English philosopher John Stuart Mill, first published in 1859. To the Victorian readers of the time it was a radical work, advocating moral and economic freedom of individuals from the state John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill , British philosopher, political theorist, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an exponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's wrote that an "education established and controlled by the State should only exist, if it exists at all, as one among many competing experiments, carried on for the purpose of example and stimulus to keep the others up to a certain standard of excellence." Liberal thinkers of the nineteenth century pointed to the dangers to too much state involvement in the sphere of education, but relied on state intervention to reduce the dominance of the church, and to protect the right to education of children against their own parents. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, educational rights were included in domestic bills of rights.[20] The 1849 Paulskirchenverfassung The so-called Paulskirchenverfassung of 1849 was the first constitution of a German Empire (German Empire usually being associated with the Empire founded by Bismarck in 1871), and as such was actually titled Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches (Constitution of the German Empire). It was proclaimed by the Frankfurt Parliament, during its meeting in, the constitution of the German Empire The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of William I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a German republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of Wilhelm II . The term Second Reich is sometimes applied to this period although,, strongly influenced subsequent European constitutions and devoted Article 152 to 158 of its bill of rights to education. The constitution recognised education as a function of the state, independent of the church. Remarkable at the time, the constitution proclaimed the right to free education for the poor, but the constitution did not explicitly require the state to set up educational institutions. Instead the constitution protected the rights of citizens to found and operate schools and to provide home education. The constitution also provided for freedom of science Science refers to any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice that is capable of resulting in a prediction or predictable type of outcome. In this sense, science may refer to a highly skilled technique or practice and teaching In education, a teacher is a person who educates others. A teacher who educates an individual student may also be described as a personal tutor. The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out by way of occupation or profession at a school or other place of formal education. In many countries, a person wishing to become a teacher at, and it guaranteed the right of everybody to choose a vocation and train for it.[21]

The nineteenth century also saw the development of socialist Socialism refers to any one of various theories of economic organization advocating state or cooperative ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, and a society characterized by equal opportunities/means for all individuals with a more egalitarian method of compensation based on the full product of the theory, which held that the primary task of the state was to ensure the economic and social well-being of the community through government intervention and regulation. Socialist theory recognised that individuals had claims to basic welfare services against the state and education was viewed as one of these welfare entitlements. This was in contrast to liberal Liberalism emphasizes individual rights and equality of opportunity. Within liberalism, there are various streams of thought which compete over the use of the term "liberal" and may propose very different policies, but they are generally united by their support for political liberalism, which encompasses support for: freedom of thought theory at the time, which regarded non-state actors as the prime providers of education. Socialist ideals were enshrined in the 1936 Soviet Constitution The Soviet Union was governed by three versions of its Constitution, modelled after the 1918 Consitution established by the Russian Federation, the immediate predecessor of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which was the first constitution to recognise the right to education with a corresponding obligation of the state to provide such education. The constitution guaranteed free and compulsory education at all levels, a system of state scholarships and vocational training in state enterprises. Subsequently the right to education featured strongly in the constitutions of socialist states.[22]

Implementation

International law International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards. It differs from other legal systems in that it primarily concerns states rather than private citizens. However, the term "international law" can does not protect the right to pre-primary education Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. It is preceded by pre-school or nursery education and is followed by secondary education. In North America this stage of education is usually known as elementary education and international documents generally omit references to education at this level.[23] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris). The Guinness Book of Records describes the UDHR as the "Most Translated Document" in the world. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and states that "everybody" has the right to education, hence the right accures to all individuals, although children are understood as the main beneficiaries.[24]

The rights to education are separated into three levels:

Both secondary and higher education shall be made accessible "by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education".[25] The only country that has declared reservations about introducing free secondary or higher education is Japan.[26]

Role of the State

Today education is considered an important public function and the state A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. A state usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the people of the society in that territory, though its status as a state often depends in part on being recognized by is seen as the chief provider of education through the allocation of substantial budgetary resources and regulating the provision of education. The pre-eminent role of the state in fulfilling the right to education is enshrined in the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Traditionally, education has been the duty of a child's parents, however with the rise of systems of education, the role of parents has diminished.[27] With regards to realising the right to education the World Declaration on Education for All, adopted at the 1990 World Conference on Education for All states that "partnerships between government and non-governmental organisations, the private sector, local communities, religious groups, and families" are necessary.[28]

Compulsory education

The realisation of the right to education on a national level may be achieved through compulsory education, or more specifically free compulsory primary education, as stated in both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[29][30]

See also

References

  1. ^
  2. ^ A Human Rights-Based Approach to Education for All. UNESCO and UNICEF. 2007. pp. 7. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001548/154861E.pdf.
  3. ^ Article 26, Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  4. ^ Article 14, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  5. ^ A Human Rights-Based Approach to Education for All. UNESCO and UNICEF. 2007. pp. 7. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001548/154861E.pdf.
  6. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 19. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  7. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 19. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  8. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 226-227. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  9. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 19. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  10. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 19. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  11. ^ "Right to education – What is it? Education and the 4 As". Right to Education project. http://www.right-to-education.org/node/226. Retrieved on 2009-02-21.
  12. ^ "Right to education – What is it? Education and the 4 As". Right to Education project. http://www.right-to-education.org/node/226. Retrieved on 2009-02-21.
  13. ^ "Right to education – What is it? Primer on the right to education". Right to Education project. http://www.right-to-education.org/node/232. Retrieved on 2009-02-21.
  14. ^ "Right to education – What is it? Availability". Right to Education project. http://www.right-to-education.org/node/227. Retrieved on 2009-02-21.
  15. ^ "Right to education – What is it? Accessibility". Right to Education project. http://www.right-to-education.org/node/228. Retrieved on 2009-02-21.
  16. ^ "Right to education – What is it? Acceptability". Right to Education project. http://www.right-to-education.org/node/229. Retrieved on 2009-02-21.
  17. ^ "Right to education – What is it? Adaptability". Right to Education project. http://www.right-to-education.org/node/230. Retrieved on 2009-02-21.
  18. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 21-22. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  19. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 22. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  20. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 22. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  21. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 23. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  22. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 23. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  23. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 19-20. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  24. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 20. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  25. ^ Article 13 (2) (a) to (c), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  26. ^ Declarations and reservations about the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights.
  27. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 20. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  28. ^ Beiter, Klaus Dieter (2005). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 21. ISBN 9004147047, 9789004147041. http://books.google.com/books?id=VWs2UCuG-XQC&dq=%22right+to+education%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
  29. ^ Article 26, Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  30. ^ Article 14, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

External links

Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
General principles

Article 1: Freedom, Egalitarianism, Dignity and Brotherhood Article 2: Universality of rights
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Article 1 and 2: Right to freedom from discrimination · Article 3: Right to life, liberty and security of person · Article 4: Freedom from slavery · Article 5: Freedom from torture and cruel and unusual punishment · Article 6: Right to personhood · Article 7: Equality before the law · Article 8: Right to effective remedy from the law · Article 9: Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and exile · Article 10: Right to a fair trial · Article 11.1: Presumption of innocence · Article 11.2: Prohibition of retrospective law · Article 12: Right to privacy · Article 13: Freedom of movement · Article 14: Right of asylum · Article 15: Right to a nationality · Article 16: Right to marriage and family life · Article 17: Right to property · Article 18: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion · Article 19: Freedom of opinion and expression · Article 20.1: Freedom of assembly · Article 20.2: Freedom of association · Article 21.1: Right to participation in government · Article 21.2: Right of equal access to public office · Article 21.3: Right to universal suffrage
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Article 1 and 2: Right to freedom from discrimination · Article 22: Right to social security · Article 23.1: Right to work · Article 23.2: Right to equal pay for equal work · Article 23.3: Right to just remuneration · Article 23.4: Right to join a trade union · Article 24: Right to rest and leisure · Article 25.1: Right to an adequate standard of living · Article 25.2: Right to special care and assistance for mothers and children · Article 26.1: Right to education · Article 26.2: Human rights education · Article 26.3: Right to choice of education · Article 27.1: Right to participate in culture · Article 27.2: Right to intellectual property
Context, limitations and duties

Article 28: Social order · Article 29.1: Social responsibility · Article 29.2: Limitations of human rights · Article 29.3: The supremacy of the purposes and principles of the United Nations Article 30: Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
Category:Human rights · Human rights portal
Particular human rights
Civil and political Freedom from discrimination · Right to life · Right to die · Security of person · Liberty · Freedom of movement · Freedom from slavery · Personhood · Right to bear arms · Equality before the law · Adequate remedy · Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention · Freedom from torture · Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment · Right to a fair trial · Presumption of innocence · Right of asylum · Nationality · Freedom from exile · Privacy · Freedom of thought and conscience · Freedom of religion · Freedom of expression (freedom of information) · Freedom of assembly · Freedom of association · Right to protest · Universal suffrage · Marriage · Family life
Economic, social and cultural Labor rights · Fair remuneration · Equal pay for equal work · Trade union membership · Right to social security · Leisure and rest · Right to work · Right to property (and intellectual) · Right to culture · Right to public participation · Right to education · Right to adequate standard of living · Right to housing · Right to development · Right to health · Right to healthcare · Right to water · Right to food · Right of return
Reproductive Family planning · Reproductive health · Abortion · Freedom from involuntary female genital cutting
War and conflict Civilian · Combatant · Freedom from genocide · Prisoner of war
Note: What is considered a human right is controversial and not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights.

Categories: Education policy | Human rights

 

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