Siblings (also called sibs) are people who share at least one parent. A male sibling is called a brother; and a female sibling is called a sister Siblings are people who share at least one parent. A male sibling is called a brother; and a female sibling is called a sister. In most societies throughout the world, siblings usually grow up together and spend a good deal of their childhood socializing with one another. This genetic and physical closeness may be marked by the development of. In most societies throughout the world, siblings usually grow up together and spend a good deal of their childhood socializing with one another. This genetic and physical closeness may be marked by the development of strong emotional bond Human bonding is the process of development of a close, interpersonal relationship. It most commonly takes place between family members or friends, but can also develop among groups such as sporting teams and whenever people spend time together. Bonding is a mutual, interactive process, and is not the same as simple liking such as love Love is the emotion of strong affection and personal attachment. In philosophical context, love is a virtue representing all of human kindness, compassion, and affection. In religious context, love is not just a virtue, but the basis for all being , and the foundation for all divine law (Golden Rule) or enmity. The emotional bond between siblings is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, birth order Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development. This assertion has been repeatedly challenged by researchers, yet birth order continues to have a strong presence in pop psychology and popular culture, personality Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations . The word "personality" originates from the Latin persona, which means mask. Significantly, in the theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world,, and personal experiences outside the family.^[1]

Etymology

Sibling is a modern revival of the Old English Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon word sibling, meaning "relative, kinsman", a derivative of sibb "kinship, relationship", from Germanic Proto-Germanic , or Common Germanic, as it is sometimes known, is the unattested, reconstructed common ancestor (proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English, Frisian, Dutch, Afrikaans, German, Luxembourgish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, and Swedish *sibjō "race", from Proto-Indo-European *sebh-, s(w)ebh- "tribe, ones own people". The term, along with its shortened form sib, may have been in use dialectally throughout the Middle English Middle English is the name given by historical linguists to the diverse forms of the English language in use between the late 11th century and about 1470, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the late 1470s and Early Modern English Early Modern English is the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century) to 1650. Thus, the first edition of the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare both belong to the late phase of Early Modern English, although the King James Bible intentionally keeps periods, but was officially recognised c. 1903 when it came into common use in Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humanity. Anthropology has origins in the natural sciences, the humanities, and social sciences. The term "anthropology", pronounced /ænθrɵˈpɒlədʒi/, is from the Greek ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos, "human", and -λογία, -logia, "discourse" or "study", and was first as a translation of the German German (Deutsch, [ˈdɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. Globally, German is spoken by approximately 120 million native speakers and also by about 80 million non-native speakers Genetics Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the process of term Geschwister ("a brother or sister"). The word is further related to the second part of the word gossip, which derives from Old English gōdsibb, meaning "a good or close relation, a sponsor".

Types of siblings

Full sibling

A full sibling (full brother or full sister) is a sibling with whom an individual shares the same biological parents with. Full siblings can share 100% of their DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ( /diːˌɒksɨˌraɪbɵ.nuːˈkleɪ.ɪk ˈæsɪd/ (help·info)) (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of or sometimes 50% of their genes via chromosomes A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. The word chromosome comes from the Greek χρῶμα in distribution but certainly not always.

Half sibling

A half sibling (half brother or half sister) is a sibling with one shared biological parent A parent is a caretaker of the offspring in their own species. In humans, a parent is the mother or the father figure of a child (NOTE: "child" refers to offspring, not necessarily age). Children can have one or more parents, but they must have two biological parents. Biological parents consist of the male who sired the child and the. A half sibling that shares the same mother A mother is a woman who has, conceived, given birth to, or raised a child in the role of a parent. Because of the complexity and differences of a mothers' social, cultural, and religious definitions and roles, it is challenging to define a mother to suit a universally accepted definition. The masculine equivalent is a father (but different fathers A father is defined as a male parent of any type of offspring. The adjective "paternal" refers to father, parallel to "maternal" for mother) is known as a uterine sibling, whereas one that shares the same father is known as an agnate sibling. In law, the term consanguine is used in place of agnate. In addition, first cousins who between them have a set of parents who are identical twins, while technically not siblings, are genetically equivalent to half siblings. Half siblings can have a wide variety of interpersonal relationships, from a bond as close as any full siblings, to total strangers.

At law (and especially inheritance Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and obligations upon the death of an individual. It has long played an important role in human societies. The rules of inheritance differ between societies and have changed over time law) half siblings were often accorded unequal treatment. Old English common law Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals , rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action. A "common law system" is a legal system that gives great precedential weight to common law, on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different at one time incorporated inequalities into the laws of intestate succession Intestacy is the condition of the estate of a person who dies owning property greater than the sum of his enforceable debts and funeral expenses without having made a valid will or other binding declaration; alternatively where such a will or declaration has been made, but only applies to part of the estate, the remaining estate forms the ", with half siblings taking only half as much property of their intestate siblings' estates as other siblings of full-blood. Unequal treatment of this type has been wholly abolished in England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant and throughout the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language.

3/4 sibling

A 3/4 sibling, is a sibling with one shared parent, and the other two parents are full siblings, for example if a man sires children with two sisters. This term is more commonly used in animal breeding. A possible example was the relationship between Queen Elizabeth I of England Elizabeth I was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana, Oriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a (the daughter of Henry VIII Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII and Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn (pronounced /ˈbʊlɪn/ or /bʊˈlɪn/; was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII and 1st Marquess of Pembroke in her own right for herself and her descendants. Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of) and Henry Carey and Catherine Carey, the children of Mary Boleyn and possibly King Henry VIII.

Milk sibling

Milk brothers or sisters are children breastfed Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from female human breasts rather than from a baby bottle or other container. Babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow milk. Most mothers can breastfeed for six months or more, without the addition of infant formula or solid food by a woman other than their biological mother, a practice known as wetnursing A wet nurse is a woman hired to breast feed and care for another's child. Wet nurses are hired when the mother is unable or chooses not to nurse the child herself. Wet-nursed children may be known as "milk-siblings", and in some cultures the families are linked by a special relationship of milk kinship. Mothers who nurse each other's and once widespread in the developed world The term developed country is used to describe countries that have a high level of development according to some criteria. Which criteria, and which countries are classified as being developed, is a contentious issue and is surrounded by fierce debate. Economic criteria have tended to dominate discussions. One such criterion is income per capita;, as it still is in parts of the developing world Developing country is a term generally used to describe a nation with a low level of material well-being. Since no single definition of the term developed country is recognized internationally, the levels of development may vary widely within so-called developing countries, with some developing countries having high average standards of living.

In Islam Islam (Arabic: الإسلام‎ al-’islām, pronounced [ʔislæːm] [note 1]) is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of their one, incomparable God (Arabic: الله‎, Allāh), and by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad's teachings and normative example (in Arabic called those who are fed in this way become siblings to the biological children of their wetnurse, provided that they are less than two years old. Islamic law (shariah Muslims believe all Sharia is derived from two primary sources, the divine revelations set forth in the Qur'an, and the sayings and example set by the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah. Fiqh, or "jurisprudence," interprets and extends the application of Sharia to questions not directly addressed in the primary sources, by including) codifies the relationship between these people, and certain specified relatives, as rada Radā or ridā'a is a technical term from Islamic jurisprudence meaning "the suckling which produces the legal impediment to marriage of foster-kinship". The term derives from the infinitive noun of the Arabic word radi'a or rada'a . Often it is translated as "fosterage" or "milk-kinship"; once they are adult, they are mahram In Islamic sharia legal terminology, a mahram is an unmarriageable kin with whom sexual intercourse would be considered incestuous, a punishable taboo. Current usage of the term covers a wider range of people and mostly deals with the dress code practice of hijab, meaning that they are not allowed to marry each other, and the rules of modesty known as purdah Purdah or Pardaa is the practice of preventing women from being seen by men. According to the exactest definition: are relaxed, as with other family members.

Godsiblings

A Godsibling (Godbrother or Godsister) is determined when one child is a Godchild of another child's parents. For example, if a child has a Godparent, and that Godparent has a child of his/her own, the child of the Godparent and the Godchild are Godsiblings. Godsiblings can either be related or non-related to each other.

Foster siblings

Foster siblings are children who are raised in the same foster home Foster care is the term used for a system in which a minor who has been made a ward is placed in the private home of a state certified caregiver referred to as a "foster parent", or are also foster children of the person's parents, or foster parents' biological children.

Birth order

Birth order is a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Typically, researchers classify siblings as “eldest”, “middle child”, and “youngest” or simply distinguish between “firstborn” and “later born” children.

Birth order is commonly believed in pop psychology The term popular psychology refers to concepts and theories about human mental life and behavior that are purportedly based on psychology and that attain popularity among the general population. The concept is closely related to the human potential movement of the 1950s and '60s and popular culture to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development and personality Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations . The word "personality" originates from the Latin persona, which means mask. Significantly, in the theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world,. For example, firstborns are seen as conservative and high achieving, middle children as natural mediators, and youngest children as charming and outgoing. In his book Born to Rebel, Frank Sulloway Frank J. Sulloway is a visiting Scholar in the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley, and a Visiting Professor in the Department of Psychology argues that firstborns are more conscientious, more socially dominant, less agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns. Literature reviews A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work that have examined many studies and attempted to control for confounding variables tend to find minimal effects for birth order on personality.^[2][3] In her review of the scientific literature, Judith Rich Harris Judith Rich Harris is a psychologist and the author of The Nurture Assumption, a book criticizing the belief that parents are the most important factor in child development, and presenting evidence which contradicts that belief suggests that birth order effects may exist within the context of the family of origin, but that they are not enduring aspects of personality.^[4]

Some research has found that firstborn children have slightly higher IQs An intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from one of several different standardized tests designed to assess intelligence. The term "IQ", from the German Intelligenz-Quotient, was devised by the German psychologist William Stern in 1912 as a proposed method of scoring children's intelligence tests such as those developed by on average than later born children. ^[5] However, other research finds no such effect.^[6]

In practice, systematic birth order research is a challenge because it is difficult to control for all of the variables that are statistically related to birth order. For example, large families are generally lower in socioeconomic status than small families, so third born children are more likely than firstborn children to come from poorer families. Spacing of children, parenting style, and gender are additional variables to consider.

Regressive behavior at the birth of a new sibling

The arrival of a new baby is especially stressful for firstborns and for siblings between 3 and 5 years old. Regressive behavior and aggressive behavior, such as handling the baby roughly, can also occur. All of these symptoms are considered to be typical and developmentally appropriate for children between the ages of 3-5^{[citation needed]}. While some can be prevented, the remainder can be improved within a few months. Regressive behavior may include demand for a bottle, thumb sucking, requests to wear diapers (even if toilet-trained), or requests to carry a security blanket The term security blanket was popularized in the Peanuts comic strip created by Charles M. Schulz, who gave such a blanket to his character Linus van Pelt, but the terms comfort object and security object are also used by professionals and academics. The most common popular name is blanky – sometimes banky, if a child has not acquired the.

Regressive behaviors are the child’s way of demanding the parents’ love and attention.

The American Academy of Pediatrics The American Academy of Pediatrics was founded in 1930 and now has 60,000 primary care pediatricians, pediatric medical subspecialists and pediatric surgical specialists as members. The AAP's mission is to attain optimal physical, mental and social health and well-being for all infants, children, adolescents and young adults suggests^{[citation needed]} that instead of protesting or telling children to act their age, parents should simply grant their requests without becoming upset. The affected children will soon return to their normal routine when they realize that they now have just as important a place in the family as the new sibling. Most of the behaviors can be improved within a few months.

The University of Michigan Health System The University of Michigan Health System is the wholly-owned academic medical center of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. It includes the U-M Medical School, with its Faculty Group Practice and many research laboratories; the U-M Hospitals and Health Centers, which includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Women's advises^{[citation needed]} that most occurrences of regressive behavior are mild and to be expected; however, it recommends parents to contact a pediatrician or child psychologist if the older child tries to hurt the baby, if regressive behavior does not improve within 2 or 3 months, or if the parents have other questions or concerns.

Sibling rivalry

Sibling rivalry is a type of competition or animosity among brothers and sisters. It appears to be particularly intense when children are very close in age and of the same gender.^[7] Sibling rivalry can involve aggression In psychology, as well as other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause pain or harm. Predatory behavior between members of one species towards another species is also described as "aggression." To exhibit aggression towards members of another species is; however, it is not the same as sibling abuse Sibling abuse (or intersibling abuse} is the physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse of one sibling by another where one child victimizes another.

Sibling rivalry usually starts right after, or before, the arrival of the second child. While siblings will still love each other, it is not uncommon for them to bicker and be malicious to each other.^[8] Children are sensitive from the age of one year to differences in parental treatment and by three years they have a sophisticated grasp of family rules and can evaluate themselves in relation to their siblings.^[1] Sibling rivalry often continues throughout childhood and can be very frustrating and stressful to parents.^[9] One study found that the age group 10 to 15 reported the highest level of competition between siblings ^[10] Sibling rivalry can continue into adulthood and sibling relationships can change dramatically over the years. Approximately one-third of adults describe their relationship with siblings as rivalrous or distant. However, rivalry often lessens over time and at least 80 percent of siblings over age 60 enjoy close ties.^[1]

Each child in a family competes to define who they are as persons and want to show that they are separate from their siblings. Sibling rivalry increases when children feel they are getting unequal amounts of their parents’ attention, where there is stress in the parents’ and children’s lives, and where fighting is accepted by the family as a way to resolve conflicts.^[9] Sigmund Freud saw the sibling relationship as an extension of the Oedipus complex, where brothers were in competition for their mother's attention and sisters for their father's.^[11] Evolutionary psychologists explain sibling rivalry in terms of parental investment and kin selection: a parent is inclined to spread resources equally among all children in the family, but a child wants most of the resources for him or herself.^[10]

Westermarck effect and its opposite

Anthropologist Edvard Westermarck found that children who are brought up together as siblings are desensitized to form sexual attraction to one another later in life. This is known as the Westermarck Effect. It can be seen in biological and adoptive families, but also in other situations where children are brought up in close contact, such as the Israeli kibbutz system and the Chinese Shim-pua marriage.^[12][13]

The opposite phenomenon, when relatives do fall in love, is known as genetic sexual attraction. This can occur between siblings brought up apart from each other, for example, adoptees who are re-united in adulthood.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Mersky Leder, Jane. "Adult Sibling Rivalry". Psychology Today, Jan/Feb 1993. http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19930101-000023.html. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
2. ^ Ernst, C. & Angst, J. (1983). Birth order: Its influence on personality. Springer.
3. ^ Jefferson, T., Herbst, J. H., & McCrae, R. R. (1998). Associations between birth order and personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and observer ratings. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 498-509.
4. ^ Harris, J. R. (1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Free Press.
5. ^ Carey, Benedict. "Family dynamics, not biology, behind higher IQ". International Herald Tribune, June 21, 2007. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/21/africa/siblings.php. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
6. ^ Rodgers, J. L., Cleveland, H. H., van den Oord, E. and Rowe, D. (2000). Resolving the Debate Over Birth Order, Family Size and Intelligence. American Psychologist, Vol. 55.
7. ^ The Effects of Sibling Competition Syliva B. Rimm, Educational Assessment Service, 2002.
8. ^ New Baby Sibling University of Michigan Health System, June 2006
9. ^ ^{a b} Sibling Rivalry University of Michigan Health System, October 2006
10. ^ ^{a b} Sibling Rivalry in Degree and Dimensions Across the Lifespan Annie McNerney and Joy Usner, 30 April 2001.
11. ^ Freud Lecture: Juliet Mitchell, 2003
12. ^ Westermarck, E. A. (1921). The history of human marriage, 5th edn. London: Macmillan, 1921.
13. ^ Arthur P. Wolf. "Childhood Association and Sexual Attraction: A Further Test of the Westermarck Hypothesis". American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Jun., 1970), pp. 503-515. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7294(197006)2%3A72%3A3%3C503%3ACAASAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y. Retrieved November 29, 2006.

Sister project links

• Quotations related to Siblings at Wikiquote

• Media related to Brothers at Wikimedia Commons

• Media related to Sisters at Wikimedia Commons
• The Wiktionary definition of sibling
• "sister". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

Categories: Family | Kinship and descent

See Also:

What Links Here:

Recently Viewed Pages:

• Starboard: Dictionary
• Home
• Left: Dictionary
• List of Convicted War Criminals
• Guaraní: Blogs
• Society: Issues: Crime and Justice: Death Penalty: Directory
• Society: Law: Organizations: Civil Liberties: Directory
• Human Rights: Encyclopedia
• Right Away: Dictionary
• Right Triangle: Dictionary

Most Popular Pages:

• Starboard: Dictionary
• Hiligaynon: Dictionary
• Hiligaynon: Images
• Oslo Freedom Forum: Answers
• Oslo Freedom Forum: Blogs
• History of India
• Cartographic Aggression: Blogs
• Guaraní: Blogs
• Oslo Freedom Forum: Toc
• Starboard: Dictionary (200 Ok) ACCEPTED

Related 'Brother' Searches: